![]() For more information on bonding, see Chapter 8 "Ionic versus Covalent Bonding", Section 8.9 "Polar Covalent Bonds". (For more information on Lewis electron structures, see Chapter 8 "Ionic versus Covalent Bonding", Section 8.5 "Lewis Structures and Covalent Bonding". Thus we can use Lewis electron structures to understand the preferred mode of reactivity of a variety of organic compounds, relative electronegativities and bond polarities to predict how certain groups of atoms will react, and molecular orbital theory to explain why certain organic species that contain multiple bonds are especially stable or undergo particular reactions when they interact with light. (For more information on biopolymers, see Chapter 12 "Solids", Section 12.8 "Polymeric Solids".) In spite of their size and complexity, these biological molecules obey the same chemical principles as simpler organic molecules. ![]() (For more information on carbon, see Chapter 12 "Solids", Section 12.8 "Polymeric Solids", and Chapter 22 "The ", Section 22.2 "The Elements of Group 14".) Some of the most complex chemical structures known are those of the organic molecules found in living organisms. ![]() Such solids have potential applications in hydrogen storage for use in fuel cells or automobiles.Ĭarbon is unique among the elements in its ability to catenate, to form a wide variety of compounds that contain long chains and/or rings of carbon atoms. The rigid benzene rings are used as “props” to hold the metal units (carboxylate-bridged copper dimers) apart. Organic and inorganic groups of the proper structure can be used to synthesize solids with very large pores (central sphere) that can accommodate a variety of small molecules. The structure of a solid with a hybrid metal-organic framework. (For more information on acids and bases, see Chapter 2 "Molecules, Ions, and Chemical Formulas", Section 2.5 "Acids and Bases".) You also learned that an amine (RNH 2), with its lone pairs of electrons, is a base, whereas a carboxylic acid (RCO 2H), with its dissociable proton, is an acid. You learned, for example, that even though NaOH and alcohols (ROH) both have OH in their formula, NaOH is an ionic compound that dissociates completely in water to produce a basic solution containing Na + and OH − ions, whereas alcohols are covalent compounds that do not dissociate in water and instead form neutral aqueous solutions. Organic substances have been used throughout this text to illustrate the differences between ionic and covalent bonding and to demonstrate the intimate connection between the structures of compounds and their chemical reactivity. ![]() In Chapter 2 "Molecules, Ions, and Chemical Formulas", you were introduced to the major classes of organic compounds, covalent compounds composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen. ![]()
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